Madness, By William Shakespeare - 1160 Words

Madness is one of the central themes of William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and has many effects on the characters and the complexity and depth of the plot. Insanity is apparent in small amounts in almost all of the characters in the play. It can range from full on insanity, to only shades of madness. Madness occurs in a character when he or she breaks the social norms, and acts oddly or rashly when spoken to or asked to carry out a task. Hamlet’s storyline revolves around the recurring theme of madness, which influences the characters and plot by adding intrigue to the character of Hamlet, causing death and drama, and spreading itself throughout the characters like a virus. The character Hamlet is the principal character of the play. All the†¦show more content†¦He is implying to them that he recognizes that they are spies and that he may seem mad, but he has everything under control. Again, this suggests he is just pretending to be insane, and can really be sane whe never he needs to be. On the other hand, his relatives think otherwise. Gertrude, his mother believes that he genuinely is off the deep end, when she says Hamlet is â€Å"Mad as the sea and wind, when both contend which is the mightier† (IV.1.7-8). The audience is faced with a dilemma: who can be trusted? Does Hamlet actually have the control over his insanity that he assumes he does? This tension adds a remarkable amount of intrigue to Hamlet’s character and is the largest and most important reoccurring question throughout the play. Madness in this sense is one of the main reasons the plot is so interesting. The next way that madness affects the plot and characters of Hamlet is by being the foremost reason for death in the play. A good example of this is Polonius’ death. Polonius becomes curious about Hamlet when he is ordered by the King to investigate the cause of Hamlet’s insanity. He concludes that â€Å"Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t (II.2.205-206). He becomes even more interested about the cause and type of madness that overcomes Hamlet. He devises a plan to spy on a conversation between Hamlet and his mother Gertrude, by standing behind an arras in Gertrude’s room. When Hamlet’s violent and rash entrance startles the Queen, Polonius

Social and Moral Development of Human †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Social and Moral Development of Human. Answer: Introduction Social and moral development refers to the development of society and personal growth of the human being. However, social development brings changes in the existing framework of the society through which the human being can understand the aims and objectives of the society. Social changes include a set of policies and program to drive changes by increasing awareness among the people. Both social and moral changes lead the human beings to organize themselves in a better manner (Kim Sankey, 2010). Moral development highlights on the understanding and change of the morality from infancy to the late adulthood. In order to identify the morality of the human being, it is necessary to measure their emotion, belief, and behavior that give shape the moral understanding. Peer and parents contribute more to the moral development of the people. Social development of the human being focuses on the capacity of the society to accumulate the resources to cope with challenges (Carter, 2010). However, social and moral development is crucial for the individual to develop them personally and professionally. This present study will deal with the different aspects of social and moral development in the context of human being. Racism has been increasing rapidly in Australia based on the ethnicity, religion, and culture. According to the statistics approx, 19% of Australians fail to get a job and face discrimination against their skin color, religious belief and ethnic origin (Smh.com.au, 2017). On the other hand, discrimination also occurs with the refugees in Australia. Maximum refugees are Muslim and Middle Eastern those come to Australia. However, the discrimination includes Vilification and harassment in the public place especially with the women who are wearing a veil (Hrca.org.au, 2017). In order to minimize such racism and discrimination, it is crucial as such, racism is a big problem in the recent year. Moral and social development of the people in Australia will be beneficial to reduce such problem. The project scope highlights the identification of the elements to bring social and moral development in the human life. However, the importance of social and moral development will be determined by this study. On the other hand, people get a vast knowledge about the current social problem based on which they can develop them personally. Significance of the Project This project will be suitable for the human being to develop their knowledge regarding the contemporary issues in the society. Therefore, this will highlight the current issues of Australian social life, which leads the society to take necessary steps to mitigate the problem. The significance of a project is based on its organization (Kim Sankey, 2010). On the other hand, the developmental needs of the people regarding their social and moral will be uncovered by this project. Social development is a process to lead the people towards the center of development. This focuses that development is required not only for the indigenous people but also for the high-class people in the society. The aim of the social development is to enhance the interaction between the people from different cultural and ethnic background (Immordino?Yang, 2011). This interaction facilitates the developmental process of the human being. Besides the social development, the moral development is necessary for the human being to develop them personally. Moral development enables the individual to distinguish the right from the wrong as they grow and mature in their life. Moral development varies based on the age. As for example, a child has not the same level of the moral development that an adult has. However, the people develop morally with their physical and psychological growth from infancy to adulthood (Payne Isaacs, 2017). In order to deal with the contemporary issues in life both social and moral development is crucial for the human being. It is important for the people to identify the current issues of the society and deal with them wisely. This can be done with moral and social development as moral development enables the people to identify the issues and social development allows them to take necessary action regarding this issue. This is a psychoanalytical theory focuses on the psychosocial development of human being. This theory includes eight stages; the first stage is trust vs mistrust, which focuses on the development of a sense of trust. However, in this stage, the infant is not aware of the life and if they get proper care a sense of trust develops (Robinson, Demetre Litman, 2017). Autonomy vs shame and doubt is the second stage of this theory, which focuses that people become mobile at this stage and are able to identify their skill. Independency occurs at this stage of life. During this stage, individuals are able to explore their limit in a stimulating environment. Initiative vs guilt highlights on the rapid development of the individuals and they start to increase their interaction with others. Industry vs inferiority is the fourth component of this theory that insists the individual to reinforce their initiative and boost their confidence. As a result, the individual feels industrious. Identify vs role confusion is a stage of adolescence. In this stage, transition occurs in the individual life and they are able to detect the crisis of life (BUGAJSKA, 2017). Intimacy vs isolation leads the people to build a relationship that is an important part of social development. Generativist vs stagnation leads the individual to establish a sense that they are the bigger part of the society. However, by following this theory individuals are able to give back to their society (Payne Isaacs, 2017). Ego integrity vs despair is the last stage of this theory that focuses on the development of the integrity in the human being to make successful in their life. However, by following this theory people are able to make a clear sense regarding the needs of their social development to meet the current requirements of the social life. Vygotskys theory of social development This social development theory focuses on the constructivism. Social interaction, proximal developmental zone, and more knowledge are the major there components of such theory (Farrington, 2017). However, proper interaction is a crucial part of the social development. In order to enhance the knowledge and to improve the learning, ability interaction is the prior thing for the human being. Cognitive development is the fundamental role of the social interaction. Social learning facilitates the development since childhood of the human being. The cultural development of the individual includes two stages one is the interaction at the social level and another is the interaction at the individual level. However, by following this theory social development becomes easier for the people to achieve. According to this theory, morality can be developed via positive and negative manner. However, it depends on the ability of the individuals to accomplish the work based on their lifespan (Blair, 2010). This theory highlights the three stages of the moral development in the human life. Pre-conventional moral development is the first stage of this theory. In this stage includes both punishment and reward activities. However, at this stage, people make their decision based on the right and wrong in order to get a reward or to avoid the punishment. The individual takes moral decision by following the rules properly or by breaking the rules. This leaves either positive or negative effect. Conventional moral development is associated with social laws. The individual takes a decision based on the law enforcement. Post-conventional moral development is the third stage of this theory, which focuses on the universal idea regarding right and wrong and the humanity (Kim, 2013). Therefore, such t heory is helpful for the individuals to boost their moral development by following such stages. Stress is a big factor of social development, however; a child faces stress in the uterine. According to the psychology, impoverished neighborhood and various chronic illness resist the social development of the children (Newman Newman, 2017). On the other hand, parental social skill boosts the social development of a child. On the other hand, stimulating environment is related to the social development as for example, various game shows and cultural program in the television insist the children to develop various skills, which maximizes their social interaction. Gender is a big factor in moral development. As for example, women provide more care to the responsibility while men focus on the individual's right and justice. On the other hand, cultural norm is another factor of moral development as it influences the development of child by distinguishing right and wrong. Social and moral development in the human life Social development is a sustainable development that brings improvement in the human being within the society. Health, education and the employment are the major there areas of the social development. The principle of the social development is to invest more for the improvement of society (Hamlin, Wynn Bloom, 2007). The social development aims to remove the barriers and keep aside people from facing a decent life. People get progress towards the self-sufficiency by achieving social development. On the other hand, moral development leads the individual to increase awareness regarding the good and bad things. Moral development is associated with the brain development and the cognitive learning. However, people's moral development occurs with the development of the brain and their age (Gopnik, 2009). The parents introduce cognitive learning during the childhood of the people that is crucial for the moral development. Mortality grows within the human being in a spontaneous manner along with physical limbs, social and mental capabilities (Cowell Decety, 2015). In order to cope with the certain social issues like racism, discrimination social development of the individuals is required. However, to give shape social development moral development is crucial. Moral development allows the human being to make differences between the good and bad, which is helpful to bring social development. However, social development is the implementation of the cognitive learning that is part of morality. The research objectives are: To understand the concept of social and moral developmental To evaluate the social and moral development of human life To analyze the effect of social and moral development on human being Research questions What is the importance of social and moral development in human life? What are the major factors of social and moral development? What is the role of social and moral development to deal with the current issues in human life? Justification of the research philosophy, approach, and design Research philosophy is an important part of the research hence, in this study the researcher needs to choose a proper philosophy. Positivism philosophy will be selected in this study. In this current study, the insight analysis of the social and moral development is necessary to conduct a better research study. Hence, by selecting this philosophy the researcher will able to describe the social and moral development in the human being. Positivism philosophy allows the author to detect the real fact of moral and social development (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). Inductive and deductive approaches are the basic two types of research approaches. The researcher will select deductive approach in this study. Deductive approach is associated with the selection of theory, data analysis, testing of hypothesis and analysis of data (Flick, 2015). This research approach will be helpful for the researcher to analyze the data based on the evidence and the theories. Descriptive, explanatory and exploratory are the major three types of research approaches. In this present study, the descriptive design will be selected. The descriptive design will help the researcher to make a relationship between the finding and the objectives. Hence, the researcher will able to relate the findings with the objectives of the current study. On the other hand, the conclusion will be related to such findings. Hence, a relationship between the research objectives, findings and conclusion will be developed by this current research approach. Therefore, the current research philosophy, approach, and design are helpful to carry out the study in a proper manner. This research study will include 10 research scholars to collect data. The population size will be 30 research scholars. Out of these 30 scholars, 10 will be selected as the sample size as these individuals are senior research scholars. The research scholars are working on the psychology and human development process. Moral and social development is the crucial part of their study. Thus, they have a huge knowledge on this topic. From this research scholars, the valuable feedbacks will be collected, which will give a brief idea about the social and moral development. Sampling technique is crucial in a research study (Vaioleti, 2016). However, a proper methodology can be carried out in a research by selecting a specific sample size. The sampling method is two types that are probability and non-probability sampling. In this present study probability, sampling method will be selected. A probability sampling method that is associated with the random sampling method. In order to achieve the random sampling method, the researcher needs to set up some methods, which give assurance that various units in the population have similar equalities (Flick, 2015). It is important to choose proper sampling size to collect authentic data in a research study. On the other hand, sample type is another essential method in this research. It is crucial to select knowledgeable people, who have a vast idea about the research topic. This will help the researcher to get authentic data in this study. Procedure for Data Collection This current research will include both primary and secondary data collection process. However, the researcher will give special emphasis to the primary data collection process. In the literature review, section secondary data collection process will be used. The current topic is based on the social and moral development in the human being. Hence, the semi-structured interview process will be used in this research to collect the data from the concerned persons. However, use of both primary and secondary data collection process is beneficial to acquire authentic data for a research (Alvesson Skldberg, 2017). The research scholars will give the best description regarding the social and moral development of the human being. The research scholars will come from the psychology background that is an important thing of such study. However, such participants will give the specific and reliable feedbacks regarding this study. Both close and open-ended questionnaire will be provided to the participants in this data collection process. Questionnaire is an important part of the primary research study to collects proper feedbacks from a big population (Vaioleti, 2016). Through the questionnaire process, several questions will be provided to the participants to understand their viewpoints regarding the selected topic. On the other hand, secondary research methodology will be followed in the literature review portion. Different journals, articles, and government websites will be followed to collect authentic data regarding social and moral development in the human being. Exclusion and inclusion criteria will be selected in the secondary data analysis process to select the relevant journals from the databases. However, during the collection of data the accessibility and validity issue can be occurred. Often the journals are not relevant as a result; the researcher fails to gather data from such journals. Therefo re, some journals are in the paid version that will be hard for the researcher to collect journals. On the other hand, some journals are not currently published as a result; these will be not valid for the current research. Primary data will be gathered from the participants directly as result this is more valid and reliable. Data Analysis methods Data analysis process is valuable for every research methodology to interpret the data (Salaberry Comajoan, 2013). However, IBM SPSS software will be used for the analysis of statistical data. This software package is beneficial for the logical batched and non-batched statistical analysis. In the context of primary data analysis, SPSS software will be helpful. Data mining is the best part of SPSS analysis. Data will be represented in the numerical form by using such software. Apart from this graphs, charts and tables will be used to represent the numerical data. However, graphs, charts, and tables can represent the data in proper format. As a result, it will be easy for the individuals to understand the data analysis properly. Statistical analysis is important to interpret the feedbacks of the participants. In the context of social and moral development, statistical data collection is necessary. This will provide a clear measurement of the necessity of the social and moral developme nt in the human life. The researcher should follow the ethical issues while conducting a research (Roberts, 2013). It is mandatory to consider the ethical issues to carry out the research methodology. In order to verify the reliability of the data that will be collected from the participants. The data will be collected for the use of commercial purpose. The Data Protection Act 1998 should be maintained during the collection of data. However, the personal information of the candidates cannot be disclosed without their permission. On the other hand, the researcher will prepare the questionnaire in a proper manner and no personal question will be given to the participants. The researcher needs to provide concern towards the sentiments of the participants. Therefore, the data will be represented according to its original format and no manipulation can be allowed. Apart from this, the references will be presented in an appropriate manner, which will make the research study more reliable and valid for the reade rs. Conclusion The entire piece of work is based on the moral and social development of the human being. However, in order to identify the current issues and to resolve it. Social development enhances the lifestyle of the individuals while moral development enables them to make a difference between the good and bad things. Both primary and secondary research will be undertaken in this study to collect data. Therefore, the ethical consideration will be also taken to avoid any legal issues during the conduction of the research. SPSS software will be used in this study to understand the multiple viewpoints of the participants those will be taken part in the semi-structured interview. References Alvesson, M., Skldberg, K. (2017).Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. Sage. Blair, R. J. R. (2010). Contributions of neuroscience to the understanding of moral reasoning and its development.Developmental social cognitive neuroscience, 269-288. BUGAJSKA, B. E. (2017). The ninth stage in the cycle of lifereflections on EH Erikson's theory.Ageing Society,37(6), 1095-1110. Carter, R. (2010). The emerging landscape.Carter R. Mapping the mind. London: Phoenix, 19. Cowell, J. M., Decety, J. (2015). Precursors to morality in development as a complex interplay between neural, socioenvironmental, and behavioral facets.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(41), 12657-12662. Farrington, D. P. (Ed.). (2017).Integrated developmental and life-course theories of offending. Routledge. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gopnik, A. (2009). The philosophical baby. London: Bodley Head. Hamlin, J. K., Wynn, K., Bloom, P. (2007). Social evaluation by preverbal infants.Nature,450(7169), 557-559. Hrca.org.au. (2017). Without prejudice: discrimination and refugees.Retrieved 4 November 2017, from https://www.hrca.org.au/discrim%20and%20refugees.htm Immordino?Yang, M. H. (2011). Implications of affective and social neuroscience for educational theory.Educational Philosophy and Theory,43(1), 98-103. Kim, M. (2013). Cultivating Teachers' Morality and the Pedagogy of Emotional Rationality.Australian Journal of Teacher Education,38(1), n1. Kim, M., Sankey, D. (2010). The Dynamics of Emergent Self-Organisation: Reconceptualising Child Development in Teacher Education.Australian Journal of Teacher Education,35(4), 79-98. Newman, B. M., Newman, P. R. (2017).Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Cengage Learning. Panneerselvam, R. (2014).Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Payne, V. G., Isaacs, L. D. (2017).Human motor development: A lifespan approach. Routledge. Roberts, T. (2013). Understanding the research methodology of interpretative phenomenological analysis.British Journal of Midwifery,21(3). Robinson, O. C., Demetre, J. D., Litman, J. A. (2017). Adult life stage and crisis as predictors of curiosity and authenticity: Testing inferences from Eriksons lifespan theory.International Journal of Behavioral Development,41(3), 426-431. Salaberry, M. R., Comajoan, L. (Eds.). (2013).Research design and methodology in studies on L2 tense and aspect(Vol. 2). Walter de Gruyter. Smh.com.au. (2017).Racism on the rise in Australia: migrants report cultural shift. Retrieved 4 November 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/national/racism-on-the-rise-in-australia-migrants-report-cultural-shift-20140405-365a5.html Syed, M., McLean, K. C. (2017). Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Vaioleti, T. M. (2016). Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research.Waikato Journal of Education,12(1).

Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essay Example

Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work Essay Covering with issues related to the development of adolescence is a challenge for even the most mainstream of immature people. For those immature misss who identify as sapphic, the state of affairs they are traveling to confront will be more complicated than they can of all time conceive of. As members of a stigmatized minority group, immature tribades are frequently marginalized and oppressed. The supportive systems available for their heterosexual equals are frequently unwelcoming to sexual minority young persons, go forthing them without critical resources necessary for healthy mental and physical development ( T. S. Davis et Al, 2010 ) . In order to obtain appropriate mental wellness services, certain demands and jobs should be applied peculiarly to immature tribades. Problems they will run into. Different from their heterosexual female equals, immature tribades life experience is exacerbated by the normal societal universe: they are excluded, bullied and pathologised merely because of their sapphic individualities ; every bit good as sing the external and internal oppressive effects. See immature tribades are passing most of their clip at schools, the troubles they experience are largely manifested in facet of equal relationships and school societal environments. Researches analyzing the battles faced by sexual minority young persons in school scenes include, a non-accepting school environment for sexual minority young persons ( Rutter and Leech, 2006 ) , dominate antigay beliefs with victimization ( Mayberry, 2006 ) , etc. More comprehensive survey on psychological experiences of sapphic striplings at school cited that they are at higher hazard for substance maltreatment, physical and sexual maltreatment, emotional isolation, school dropout, low self-esteem, bad or self- abusive activities, and sexually familial disease ( Black, J. , A ; Underwood, J. 1998 ) . Furthermore, homophobic experiences lead to hapless school public presentation and contribute significantly to mental wellness jobs, substance maltreatment, legal struggles and run-away behaviour ( Remafedi, 1987 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Issues Related To The Development Of Adolescence Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the facet of psychological development, adolescence is a clip of physiological revolution for the adolescent ( Erikson, 1968 ) . Searching for her ain personal individuality, a teenage miss is at her important developmental phase of individuality versus function confusion crisis. Essential elements that contribute to sweetening of the adolescent psychological wellbeing during this phase of development involve friendly relationships, societal experiences and important others. Hetrick and Martin ( 1987 ) stated from their survey that tantrum in with their equals and derive equal blessing frequently becomes an all-consuming undertaking. Positive societal interaction among pupils in the school environment normally leads healthy psychosocial development in striplings. Undeniable, sapphic striplings are confronting the same developmental undertakings and crises that all young persons face. However, their developmental procedures are immensely complicated by homophobic, oppressive, sch ool environments ( Deisher, 1989 ) . Many increased stressors suffered by sexual minority young persons are finally tied to psychological hurt ( D Augelli, Pilkington, A ; Hershberger, 2002 ; Elze, 2005 ) . A turning sum of researches emphrasize the pressing mental wellness demands in sexual minority population, particularly for adolescents ( Davis, T. , 2010 ; Swann, S. , 2004 ; May, B. , 2010, etc ) . Major grounds for seeking mental wellness service among immature tribades are depression, relationship issues, and emphasis, anxiousness every bit good as aid to cover with being homosexual ( Roberts. S, 2004 ) . Studies researching the grounds behind noted that the secrecy about being a sapphic, covering with sexual individuality, self-stigma, and being a member of a stigmatized group lead to anxiousness and depression. These grounds were peculiarly true for striplings ( Paroski, 1987 ) . Furthermore, Cochran ( 2001 ) found that, gay work forces and tribades are at a greater lif e-time hazard for major depression and self-destruction, particularly during adolescence. Although mental wellness issues as such, are normally shared by sexual minority people around the universe, there are other issues refering certain cultural contexts should non be ignored. Chinese Background There is a little but respectable size of literature about mental wellness of Asiatic tribades and gay work forces much less is about lives of Asiatic tribades. Harmonizing to these limited surveies, Chinese tribades are sing greater troubles, compared with their Western opposite numbers. ( Harada, 2001 ; Jones, 2007 ; Poon A ; Ho, 2008 ; Wong A ; Tang, 2004 ) . In Chinese societies, there are norms that are characterized by deeply deep-rooted cultural attitudes which against same-sex attractive force, particularly for females. Harmonizing to Confucian impressions, a girl is expected to obtain her individuality from relationships with work forces, executing familial functions, get marrieding to a adult male and giving birth to kids. As for tribades, it is non possible for them to follow the duties. They are traveling to populate wholly different manner of lives, and trim attempts toward self credence, ego development and ego fulfilling. However, the procedure is frequently painful. With those cultural constructs, immature tribades will meet multi- stressors, e.g. , internalized heterosexism, self-stigma, societal and psychological isolation, etc ( Pizza Ka-Yee Chow, 2010 ) . Among them, the manifestations of self-aware emotions ( e.g. , shame, guilt ) differ markedly between individualistic and collectivized civilizations, which farther indi cate the of import of analyzing issues of tribades in Chinese civilization background. ( Eid A ; Diener, 2001 ; Kitayama, Markus, A ; Matrumoto, 1995 ) . Shame experience, in comparing with Western civilizations, is more omnipresent within Chinese civilization. Furthermore, distinguished from individualists who recognize themselves to be alone and independent leftists tend to see their egos as interrelated and mutualist with each other ( Markus A ; Kitayama, 1991 ) . Collectivists are more likely influenced by people who are close to them instead than those are more distant in relationship. Hence, in Chinese societies, it is much harder for immature tribades to place themselves without sentiments of their important others, most notably, parents. This leads to another related experience among tribades societal and psychological isolation, which worsen their state of affairs during phase of adolescent psychological development. Many western researches analyzing issues related to mental wellness services and their clinical usage within immature tribades have been conducted in the past two decennaries, supplying valuable and impactful inspirations for service planning in the hereafter. Roberts. S, et Al ( 2004 ) explored issues related to mental wellness jobs and usage of services of tribades, followed the Boston Health Project II, emphrasizing that resources for sapphic striplings are of particular concern as they are a alone high hazard population. Feasible suggestions for service planning were discussed in this survey, a ) easy accessible mental wellness services in communities, B ) community bureaus such as infirmaries, clinics, churches, YMCAs and other young person groups for self-exploration, support and protagonism, etc, degree Celsius ) school-based mental wellness services. Another most recent survey conducted by Tamara. S. Davis and Susan Saltzburg ( 2010 ) was utilizing the theoretical account of construct function to measure community demands of sexual minority young persons for service planning. Types of supports, every bit good as dominant countries for service planning that most run into the demands of this mark population were successfully generated from conceptual function. Mental wellness related supports, such as supplying them resources and/or entree to mental wellness professionals through formal curative intercession or more informal professionally led support groups, were strongly recommended so that they have opportunities to confide and speak about the many emotions and beliefs that envelop their coming-out procedure. After old ages of protagonism, homosexualism was decriminalized in 1997 in Mainland China. In 2001, homosexualism was eliminated as a diagnostic class in The Criterion of Psychopathic Classification and Diagnosing issued in China. Laging far behind many Western states, nevertheless, the whole Chinese society has been striding frontward to contending for equal societal and legal rights. Among the Chinese communities, Taiwan is seen to be at the head of the development of Tongzhi ( Homosexuality in Chinese ) civilization, Mainland China is new to the motion, and Hong Kong is someplace mediate ( Perspex, 2006 ) . Refering certain historical background, the cultural prejudice against same-sex orientation is believed to be stronger in Mainland China than in the other two societies. In Mainland China, comparison to gay civilization, sapphic ( or Lala in the local linguistic communication ) civilization in mainland China attracts less public attending and still seems unseeable, although it is widely studied in the field of literature ( Yaya, C. , A ; Yiqing, C. 2006 ) . Under enormous external and internal emphasis from the mainstream society, Lalas are at a disadvantage to do a voice in public, allow entirely for those adolescent Lalas. As a consequence, there was one channel, through which they found it a perfect topographic point to be supported, understood and protected from their Tongzhi equals, that is the Internet. Respectable findings from a recent survey conducted by Yaya, C and Yiqing, C ( 2006 ) showed that, sapphic organisations were foremost formed as Internet Communities with the development of the Internet. The first sapphic meeting in populace was held in Beijing in 1997. Since so, more assisting services initiated by fervent sapphic militants have been built up for the sweetening of the wellbeing of Lalas in Mainland China, such as the Purple Phoenix Organization ( by Xiaoxian in 1997 ) , the Beijing Sisters Organization ( 1998 ) with its Telephone Hotline and The Sky Magazine, the Tongyu Group ( by Xiaoxian, 2005 ) and the Shanghai Lesbians ( 2005 ) , etc. Lalas in Mainland China have become progressively seeable, first in chat-rooms and bulletin boards on the Internet, later in some homosexual or assorted bars, and more late in societal assemblages organized by sapphic groups in many large metropoliss, such as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, etc, across the state, yet the internet continues to be the most popular meeting topographic point for Lalas in the state ( Kam. L, 2007 ) .There are many celebrated sapphic web sites with big rank, wheras, none of them has a great influence on the big society ( Yaya, C. , A ; Yiqing, C. 2006 ) . Lesbians in Mainland China experience great troubles in whether edifice organisations or running Internet Communities for missing of supports and understanding. As a consequence, many of them are confronting fiscal jobs so that they have to be aborted ( Xian, 2006 ) . Mental wellness demands for tribades Large sum of surveies showed that there s a high proportion of use of mental wellness services among tribades. They are high users of mental wellness services across decennaries ( 80 % in BLHP I vs. 84 % in BLHP II ) ( Sorensen A ; Roberts, 1997 ) . Records of comparative researches show lower rates of therapy use among heterosexual adult females than among tribades ( Cochran A ; Mays, 2000 ; Hughes et al. , 1997 ; Matthews et al. , 2002 ) . These findings give great support to the hypothesis that sapphic civilization promotes the usage of mental wellness professionals ( Morgan. K A ; Eliason. M, 1992 ) , and they are in great demand of accessible and feasible mental wellness services. Furthermore, tribades are more comfy with female, particularly sapphic mental wellness practicians ( Sorensen A ; Roberts, 1997 ) . It is likely that lesbians experience less fearful about unwraping their gender and being viewed every bit pathological as in curative relationship with a female and/o r sapphic. Particularly, refering stripling tribades, who are at their important phase in the development of self-identity ( Erikson, 1959 ) , they are in great demand for mental wellness services, peculiarly in community, school and household scenes ( Rutter and Leech, 2006 ) . In this period, immature tribades are to see tremendous force per unit area from equals, parents and the media to conform to the norm , they will frequently experience unsupported, entirely and burdened. Therefore, as mental wellness professionals, it is pressing to put up a community-based mental wellness service sensitive to the demands of immature tribades to back up them at the most vulnerable clip. Merely in this manner, can they avoid or cut down their troubles associated with many jobs. No affair in what form the sapphic communities are in current Mainland China, their mark service population is either Tongzhis ( both tribades and homosexuals ) , or Lalas or homosexuals individually. There is no more service proviso specifically concentrate on certain different age groups, e.g. stripling tribades, middle aged tribades, etc. It is likely due to the immature and short history of the development of sapphic civilization in China. Furthermore, all the sapphic communities were folk communities, they were organized and built up by sapphic militants who were by and large knowing immature adult females, largely university pupils, alumnuss, etc. Purposes of these organisations including, supply sapphic information and psychological science tutelage for the corresponding group, form treatment about Chinese tribades, strive for more public benefits, and some besides promulgate sapphic cognition on campus, etc. Nevertheless, none of these communities has professional background to truly supply dependable and important cognition, allow entirely mental wellness service to tribades who are truly in demand. They portion common disadvantages as deficiency of relevant experience, every bit good as sufficient and functioning organisation. Therefore, most communities are ephemeral and with small influence among sapphic population, allow entirely the full populace. Target population: immature tribades, chiefly high school pupils, aged from 15- 18 old ages old, who are confused about their ain sexual orientation or holding troubles in developing sexual individuality. Organization composing: Renowned, important and professional Chinese sexologists, sociologists and psychologists, Professional and experienced psychological counsellors and registered societal workers work for adolescence, Lesbian militants and authors, High school instructors from chief metropoliss in Mainland China ( in which Tongzhi civilization is vivacious for tribades and homosexuals, such as Shanghai, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Beijing, etc. ) , Who, Are active in naming for greater apprehension, tolerance for nonconventional sexual attitudes and determinations in China Care about the sweetening of psychological wellbeing of immature tribades in Mainland China Mission: Promote tolerance and apprehension of sexual diverseness in school scenes Bring together the positions of mental wellness practicians, research workers and militants refering to issues of psychological development of stripling tribades. Offer important and dependable information, cognition sing sapphic psychological science Provide professional mental wellness services for immature tribades Enhance psychological wellbeing of immature tribades Influence and promote other bureaus, and parents, to develop their cognition and supply appropriate support to immature tribades. Main responsibilities Conduct probe among general adolescence population and research into the current state of affairs and psychological demands of immature tribades. The intent is to construct up a valuable information base of immature tribades in Mainland China for future mention and surveies. Give preparations to mental wellness professionals. high school instructors included, about issues of gender and sexual orientation. Specific focal point on cognition of the spectrum of human gender and sexual orientation, and on attitudes towards people who are non heterosexual is extremely valued. ( King. M A ; Bartlett. A, 1999 ; MacEwan. I, 1994 ) . High school instructor who are actively in fall ining the organisation will be regarded as the most direct and efficient advocate in supplying mental wellness service in school scenes. Display public service advertisement postings and booklets in topographic points that are available in chosen metropoliss. Set up a web site. Aimed at turn toing the importance of mental wellness of immature tribades every bit good as increasing promotion of the organisation. Arduous as can be imagined, this attempt can merely be made with indorsement and support from the authorities. We assume that those celebrated and important members in the organisation will do it easier to implementing this program. Supply correspondence or e-mail guidance, telephone guidance for immature tribades. Refering immature tribades will do contact by either missive, electronic mail or telephone in response to reading about the Organization on postings, booklets or web site, mental wellness practicians in the Organization are to offer service to those respondents. Help immature tribades to derive peer support. Though the web site, the Organization can ease immature tribades to do contact and correspond with each other to derive more understanding and support and portion their experiences. All publications built by Organization are non sole for heterosexual stripling. This population can besides read and larn more about the positive and comprehensive cognition of sexual orientation and individuality. Upon understanding, immature tribades are more likely to derive the support from their heterosexual striplings which is deemed to be more of import than the support from their sapphic equals ( Slater, 1998 ) . Restrictions

The relationship between Composer and Performer Essays

The relationship between Composer and Performer Essays The relationship between Composer and Performer Essay The relationship between Composer and Performer Essay In this essay I would like to discuss notation and its influence on the relationship between composer and performer. In some ways composing can seem a slightly mystical process. How do we imagine musical ideas coming into the mind, what did the compositional process involve and how does the notation of a piece have a relationship to the way it is performed? Beethoven and Chopin, to take two conventional and well-known composers as an example, left a large body of work using conventional pitch-duration notation, involving the twelve notes of the chromatic scale, between them. Yet the notation of their pieces gives few clues as to the compositional process. Rather than the finished works it is Beethovens sketches which give the clearest indication of his mode, generally slow and laborious, of composition. On the other hand Chopins working modes were very different from those of Beethoven, involving a higher degree of improvisation at the keyboard. For Beethoven, the idea had to be down on paper. Yet the notation they used was the same. The most revolutionary developments in notation came in the twentieth century. By the 1950s the relationship between composer and performer had become a coercive one, a sequence of commands constituting the composers control strategy. Notation became flexible, adaptable to and relevant to the playing situation. Conventional notation does not necessarily equal lots of possible interpretations; the way to interpret pieces by Beethoven and Chopin (to take these composers as a further example) has been heartily disputed over the years in spite of the clear simple notation use by the composer. In the same way, an elaborate or complicated notation such as those found in much contemporary music, can permit varied interpretation. A conventional notation, that is notation which covers duration-pitch relationship, is not flexible enough to relate extended compositional requirements. This led to the creation at new, flexible notations that have direct relevance to a playing situation. Even so, many composers are less concerned with the relationship of the score to the performer than to their own concerns with sounds. The idea of a direct relationship between the composer and the performer without the intervention of a middle man became increasingly likely. The accepted norm of relying on the received traditions of the past as to what constitute a reliable or authentic performance was viewed as the uncreative option. Composers like Boulez and Stockhausen pushed the boundaries of notation ever further. In Stockhausens Kontakte (Contacts, 1959-60) for piano percussion and tape, the performers of the acoustic instruments are provided with a complex graphic score which permits them to co-ordinate with the taped electronic sounds. An example from Kontakte by Stockhausen Whole techniques and even ideologies developed around rather straightforward musical notion such as polytonality, atonality, serial music and different modal harmonic process. The growing complexity of notations led to the alienation of the performer; even now only the most conscientious performers feel a responsibility to the composer, and to their own honesty, when dealing with complexity in notation. Over-complexity in notation leads to problems with the realisation of the composer intentions when directives are inevitably contravened through necessity, for example in the music of Brian Ferneyhough which is so complicated and practically unplayable that it is inevitable that the performer will be unable to play every element of the notated piece. This takes the performer to the very edge of what is possible and creates in itself a new performance practice. For example, Ferneyhoughs modernist masterpiece Etudes transcendentales for voice and four instruments (1984) is fearsomely complex, and again requires great dedication on the part of the performer if the composers wishes are to be carried out. However, a performer would really have to be familiar with a composers aesthetic to know that the otherwise unacceptable act of not playing the piece as written (mainly because you cannot! ) is part of the pieces implicit meaning. Therefore in a piece of huge complexity, notated or otherwise, a player who makes the act of commitment to study and attempt to solve it, is likely to have a rightful interest in actually performing the piece. This relates to the general view that the composer is the one who has something to say, reducing the status of the performer is that of a mere interpreter. However, this is not a view that has always existed; as has been stated, composers such as Chopin and Beethoven often improvised to an extent. But is it the case that, harmonically and stylistically, it simply was not as difficult to do this in Mozart time? Here in this way, we have led to the prioritising of the composer, and the score. Traditionally we respect the written word, so one expects to perform music as it is written , which in a way leads to the belief that whatever is not in the score must be wrong. The movement towards to a situation where interpretation is not required began to alienate the performer. Because interpretation has been overtaken by execution, the composer began to use compositional control over every element of a work, that is not only pitch-rhythm relationships but forms of attack, articulation, dynamic shading i. . those elements traditionally left to the musical intelligence of the player. However, in every possible case which involves human input, something is left to the performer. They do not have to be aware of the elements of performance out of the possible control of the composer, for example a players personal style, method of playing their instrument, conception of dynamic level. When viewed in this way, such precision on the part of the composer becomes almost pointless, except in cases where the end result being an approximation is part of the composers aesthetic intention. One of the first artists to react to the primacy of the written score was John Cage. Cage wrote about a larger shift in the relationship between performer and listener. He argued a rotation could no longer be seen as something separate and detached from its listeners and from it context. Rather, creating music was a process that was initiated by the composer or performer, but completed by the audience. The listeners experience of the work was essential to the music itself. He developed notations to reflect this ideology. For example, one of Cages main concerns in producing indeterminate work was the need to free the performers from the authoritarian dictate of a composer, to prevent them being dehumanised cogs in a music-making machine. Ways of doing this included graphic scores, not including fixed time signatures, and definite instructions to improvise. Many other composers searched similar areas, like Stockhausens improvised works, and including Cornelius Cardew. Cardew focused much more on the need to give the performers a say, to make a cooperative social relationship in performance. Cardew was a contemporary British composer who, by the end of the 60s, became disillusioned with the apparent academic role of the same times music and decided to restore the balance in favour of the performer. Cornelius Cardew wrote graphics scores in which performers look at the graphics and respond to and interpret them. In order to represent his intentions he used simple, pictorial ( graphic ) notation, with a sounding end result, which was very unpredictable and experimental. Possibly the best example of this is Treatise, a graphic score which uses ciphers and symbols reminiscent of conventional notation to which performers must respond. The essence pf both Cage and Cardews intention was that everyone could be a composer, a musician- music taking on a social significance. The way a piece is notated allows us to come closer to understanding it, according to Cardew. The musical culture within which notations operate, and of the ways in which our modes of thought function are influenced by the nature of the systems we use (Cardew, 1961).

Commercial Analysis and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commercial Analysis and Planning - Essay Example When aircrafts were invented, continuous monitoring and hands-on by pilots was mandatory if the flight had to be flown successively (Bruseberg, & Johnson, 4). However, with the advancement it aircraft technology, planes that could facilitate long hours of flight were made. As a result, pilots suffered from fatigue and therefore a mechanism had to be invented to minimize this, autopilot: the first step to cockpit automation. In 1912, a corporation by the name Sperry, became the first to develop aircraft with autopilot feature. It was composed of a gyroscopic heading and attitude indicators which were connected to elevators and rudder that were operated by hydraulics. This enable the plane to follow the compass bearing and fly straight without negotiating corners (Damos, 11). Many were inspired by the invention and in the year 1930, Royal Aircraft Establishment, a corporation of England came up with their own autopilot which was referred to as pilots’ assister. It was built from , pneumatically-spun gyroscope, an advancement from the initial hydraulically operated ones. The development grew with the invention and inclusion of instruments that would allow the plane to be flown during the night. Autopilot has undergone computerization in modern planes. Modern level of autopilot are one-axis, two-axis and three-axis. Complex plane uses the three-axial autopilot. The purpose of autopilot is to control the plane when it takes off, during climbing, the smooth level air flight and during landing respectively (Billings, 23). Finally, current autopilot relies heavily on computers rather than the physical compass that was used by earlier aircrafts. Another phase of cockpit automation is in auto-throttle. In initial aircrafts, the pilot used to manually control the flow of fuel to the engine. However, auto-throttle has replaced this thus reducing pilots’

Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pricing - Essay Example In this method, the values of all the inputs applied when developing the product are summed. The other method is the value based method. This focuses on the values of the product. In this method, the value of the product is the extent of the customer's satisfaction and, therefore, forms the criteria for price setting (Smith 145). Value based method would be appropriate for this case since there is no competition in the market. Mark-up approach and the fixed percentage approach would also do for this same reason that there is no competition in the market. Therefore, balancing out on the application of these methods in price setting would be appropriate. Competition based method would not be relevant in this case since there is no competition in the market. Price skimming strategy will fall as one of my consideration. This is mainly because the product is new and does not have a replica of it in the market. For this reason, the market prices must be higher than what other existing prod ucts cost (Smith 289). The new product is of a higher quality with higher demand due to the additional features; this justifies the reason for giving it a higher price. On the other hand, I must consider how the consumers perceive higher prices and what their take on increased prices could be. The bottom line in this consideration is that high prices can be set initially and well accepted, while it may not be easy to hike prices at a later date. Beginning the sales of a new product at a high price is more advantageous. The quality of the product in this case being high would justify the high prices. The new machine is one of its own; hence, the competitors are kept away already for setting new competition on the product. In this case, I would not apply the market penetration pricing since there is no competition. The fact that this product is unique makes it more appropriate for me to set higher market prices since building demand quickly will not be affected because it is not produ ced by any other competitor. It would also be necessary for me to choose tactics that would go well with both the company and the customers. As such, quantity discount would deem necessary for a higher rate of stock flow to be realized. The timing of such high quantity purchases must be put into consideration before I offer such discounts. Having the mind of the customer at the point of price setting would become necessary for me. This will be in terms of how the customers perceive the product and the feeling they may develop over the new products and the set prices (Smith 68). This psychological aspect in price setting may help in developing a notion of how the customers would react to certain prices. Internal and external reference prices would apply in this case. Odd prices will be considered as the customers would most likely perceive the prices to be low. The number 9 at the end is the trick to be applied in this case when pricing. Zone pricing would apply considering the cost of shipping. The product would cost much more for consumers who are located far away from the manufacturing zone. Bundled purchases would be given a discount on purchases. For those who buy the washing machine and other products within the company get a discount. These are aimed at ensuring a high number of purchases of the company products with the help of having the new product in the market. Long-term and short-term pricing tactics would contrast in this case. The short-term strategies would be mostly responsive to the prevailing conditions

Comparative Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Comparative Analysis Paper Essay For this assignment I have selected three poems to analyze the relationship between language and content in poetry. I want toattempt toanalyze the writting styles of three authors, whose work can be found from the book, The Art of Work. The three poems that I have selected are Share Croppers written by Langston Hughes, Factory Worker, written by Jim Daniels, and The Rope, written by Patricia Dobler. These are three poems that caught my eye and I became very interested in. The first poem I read for this assignment was Share-Croppers. This paticular poem seemed to have been written from the viewpoint of a slave who is captioning the hard work that had to be done as a sharecropper. Although this was a very short poem the expression by this author said a lot to capture any readers attention. For example the author gives you a picture as to how the sharecropper was left hungry and ragged afterr plowing away in fields. See more: analytical writing By reading this poem you are able to identify that Langston Hughes was very concerned about African American life through the use of certain dialect and terms. As you continue to read this poem over and over you are able to come to a conclusion that the era in which this poem was written goes back to a time after emancipation, when many blacks were forced to work as share croppers not being paid a dime,and where under the authority of white farm tenants. In this poem one starts to get a feelof what it was like to be a black share cropper unable to show any remores because this was a daily routine that took a toll over ever sharecropperss daily life. My next poem Factory Jungle seems to have been written from the viewpoint of a factory worker who is trying to enlighten the fact of being a determined ambitious worker, but also as one who is ready to end a long day at work. Just like many other authors. The author Jim Daniels has written a poem that uses many metaphors to paint a picture of a factory that gives off the idea of being a jungle. For example the author say, Id like to climb one of those ropes of light swing around the presses, welders etc. The language used by this author shows us a picture of a factory swinging freely amongst his work not having a care what so ever. These paticular terms of language enables us to get a physical picture of exactly what the factory worker is doing in the factory to change it into a jungle. Everyone  understand that there is no way you are able to climb rope of light or even fly out of factory gates. This only catches the readers attention just the poem sharecroppers did. Keeping the same theme and indentifying the factroy as being a jungle, the author also uses a made elephant to represent the largest presses in the plant and allows us to paint another picture showing us the harm that this big machine could cause if fallen on your hand. In this part of the poem we find that the mad elephant allows us to think about how heavy and dangerous things could be when working around heavy machinery in this paticular factory. The author is being very creative throughout this poem, careful not to bore the reader. Jim Daniels used the correlation of swinging through the plant, then rippping off his coveralls, safety glasses, and ear plugs then pounding his chest and yelling like Tarzan. This again gives us that feeling showing us that this factory worker is feeling very free. Yet and still another picture has beenpainted for us. In my final poem that I have selected, I became silightly thrown off as to what this poem was trying to generate to the reader. Unlike the other two poems I used, this poem hardly used any language and dialect to allow the readers attention to be caught at once. As I read over this poem I figured that the viewpoint of this poem had to be written by a man who was dwelling on things that he could not make of life for him or a loved one and those things were haunting him. I came to this conclusion because the author says, Their vocies still wake me as I woke for years with a rise and fall. The author is not specific as to what she wants or doesnt want us to know. This poem does not paint a picture for me letting me feel and realize what exactly is going on. So by reading these three amazing poem we find many authors use some of the same styles, literary techniques and genres to help relate to readers. While other authors may leave you slightly wondering, and can often open your mind to wonder which can be a very positive matter. I personally relate better to readings that paint a picture allowing me to be side by side to what the author has written. Also while reading Ive found that not  all poetic techniques were used but all three authors used something to help you understand the readings.